Foro de biologia-geologia.com

Hola:
Ya sé que el foro debería utilizarse para otras cosas, pero os informo de que se ha hecho una versión de los apuntes de biología de 2º de bachillerato en inglés.

Biology 2nd Baccalaureate https://english.biologia-geologia.com/biology/

1. Bioelements and biomolecules. Water and mineral salts .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... salts.html
1.1. Chemical bonds in biology .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... ology.html
1.1.1. Intramolecular bonds .
1.1.1.1. Covalent bond .
1.1.1.2. Ionic bond .
1.1.2. Intermolecular bonds .
1.1.2.1. Var der Waals forces .
1.1.2.2. Hydrogen bonds .
1.2. The chemical basics of life: inorganic and organic components .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... nents.html
1.2.1. Primary bioelements .
1.2.2. Secondary bioelements .
1.2.3. Trace elements .
1.3. The immediate principles or biomolecules .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... cules.html
1.3.1. Water .
1.3.1.1. Chemical structure of water .
1.3.1.2. Owners and functions of water .
1.3.2. Mineral salts .
1.3.2.1. Functions of salts in solution .
1.3.2.2. Colloidal solutions and dispersions .
1.3.2.3. Properties of colloidal dispersions .
1.3.2.4. Diffusion, osmosis and dialysis .
1.3.2.4.1. Diffusion .
1.3.2.4.2. Osmosis .
1.3.2.4.3. Dialysis .
1.4. Bibliography .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... raphy.html

2. Glucides .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... cides.html
2.1. Glucid concept .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... ncept.html
2.2. Classification of carbohydrates .
23. Monosaccharides .
2.3.1. Threesomes .
2.3.2. Tetroses .
2.3.3. Pentoses .
2.3.3.1. Monosaccharide cyclization .
2.3.4. Hexoses .
2.4. The N-glucosidic and O-glucosidic bonds .
2.4.1. Substances derived from monosaccharides .
2.5. Disaccharides .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... rides.html
2.6. Polysaccharides .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... rides.html
2.6.1. Homopolysaccharides .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... rides.html
2.6.1.1. Reserve homopolysaccharides .
2.6.1.2. Structural homopolysaccharides .
2.6.2. Heteropolysaccharides .
2.6.3. Heterosides .
2.7. General functions of glucides .
2.8. Bibliography .

3. Lipids .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... ipids.html
3.1. Lipid concept .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... ncept.html
3.2. Classification of lipids .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... ipids.html
3.2.1. Fatty acids .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... acids.html
3.2.1.1. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids .
3.2.1.2. Chemical properties of fatty acids .
3.2.1.3. Physical properties of fatty acids .
3.2.1.4. Fatty acid functions .
3.2.2. Saponifiable lipids or with fatty acids .
3.2.2.1. Simple lipids .
3.2.2.1.1. Acylglycerides .
3.2.2.1.2. Cerids .
3.2.2.2. Complex lipids .
3.2.2.2.1. Phospholipids .
3.2.2.2.2. Glycolipids .
3.2.3. Unsaponiable lipids or without fatty acids .
3.3. Lipid functions .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... tions.html
3.4. Bibliography .

4. Proteins .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... teins.html
4.1. Introduction to proteins .
4.2. Amino acids .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... acids.html
4.2.1. Classification of amino acids .
4.2.2. Properties of amino acids .
4.3. The peptide bond .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... _bond.html
4.4. Protein .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... otein.html
4.4.1. Protein structure .
4.4.1.1. Primary structure of proteins .
4.4.1.2. Secondary structure os proteins .
4.4.1.3. Tertiary structure of proteins .
4.4.1.4. Quaternary structure of proteins .
4.4.2. Protein properties .
4.4.3. Classification of proteins .
4.4.3.1. Holoproteins .
4.4.3.2. Heteroproteins .
4.4.4. Protein functions .
4.5. Enzymes .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... zymes.html
4.5.1. Structure os enzymes .
4.5.2. The active center of enzymes .
4.5.3. General mechanism os enzyme catalysis .
4.5.4. Regulation of enzyme activity .
4.5.5. Allosteric enzymes .
4.5.6. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes .
4.6. The vitamins .
4.6.1. Fat-soluble vitamins .
4.6.2. Water soluble vitamins .
4.7. Bibliography .

5. Nucleotides and nucleic acids .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... acids.html
5.1. The chemical composition of nucleic acids .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... acids.html
5.1.1. Components of nucleic acids .
5.1.2. Concept, types and functions of nucleic acids .
5.1.3. Nucleosides .
5.1.4. Nucleotides .
5.1.4.1. Nucleotide functions .
5.1.5. Nucleic acids .
5.2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... d_dna.html
5.2.1. DNA structure .
5.2.1.1. Primary structure of DNA .
5.2.1.2. Secondary structure of DNA .
5.2.1.3. Tertiary structure of DNA .
5.2.1.3.1. Tertiary structure of DNA in prokaryotes .
5.2.1.3.2. Tertiary structure of DNA in eukariotes .
5.2.1.4. Quaternary structure of DNA .
5.2.2. DNA types .
5.2.3. Genetic material: chromatin and chromosomes .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... somes.html
5.2.3.1. Karyotype and karyogram .
5.3. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) .https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... d_rna.html
5.3.1. RNA types .
5.3.1.1. Transfer RNA .
5.3.1.2. Messenger RNA .
5.3.1.3. Ribosomal RNA .
5.3.1.4. Nucleolar RNA .
5.3.1.5. Small nuclear RNA .
5.3.2. Functions of ribonucleic acids .
5.4. Bibliography .

6. Cell morphology.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... ology.html
6.1. Cell concept.
6.1.1. Cell history.
6.1.2. Cell theory.
6.2. Levels of cellular organization.
6.2.1. General characteristics of cells.
6.2.2. Prokaryotic cells.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... cells.html
6.2.2.1. Prokaryotic cell morphology.
6.2.2.2. Structure of prokariotes.
6.2.2.2.1. Bacterial capsule.
6.2.2.2.2. Bacterial wall.
6.2.2.2.3. Plasma membrane.
6.2.2.2.4. Cytoplasm - Ribosomes - Inclusions.
6.2.2.2.5. Bacterial DNA.
6.2.2.2.6. Bacterial appendages.
6.2.2.3. Bacteria physiology.
6.2.3. Eukariotic cells.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... cells.html
6.2.3.1. Animal and plant cell.
6.2.3.1.1. Animal eukaryotic cell.
6.2.3.1.2. Plant eukariotic cell.
6.2.3.2. Cell evolution: endosymbiont theory.
6.3. Size, shape and quantity.
6.4. The plasma membrane.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... brane.html
6.4.1. Chemical composition of the membrane.
6.4.2. The structure of the membrane. The fluid mosaic model.
6.4.3. Functions of the plasma membrane.
6.4.4. Transport across the membrane.
6.4.4.1. Small molecule transport.
6.4.4.2. Macromolecule transport.
6.4.5. Plasma membrane differentiations.
6.5. The cell wall of plant cells.
6.5.1. Chemical composition or the cell wall.
6.5.2. Cell wall structure.
6.5.3. Cell wall differentiations.
6.5.4. Cell wall functions.
6.6. Extracellular matrix or glucocalyx.
6.7. Cytosol or hyaloplasm.
6.8. The cytoskeleton.
6.8.1. Microfilaments or actin filaments.
6.8.2. Intermediate filaments.
6.8.3. Microtubules.
6.9. Cell membrane and organelle systems.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... stems.html
6.9.1. Membrane systems.
6.9.1.1. The endoplasmic reticulum.
6.9.1.2. Golgi apparatus.
6.9.2. Cell organelles.
6.9.2.1. Lysosomes.
6.9.2.2. Peroxisomes.
6.9.2.3. Vacuoles.
6.9.2.4. Mitochondria.
6.9.2.4.1. Functions of the mitochondria.
6.9.2.5. Plastids.
6.9.2.5.1. Chloroplasts.
6.9.2.6. Ribosomes.
6.9.2.7. Centrosome.
6.9.2.8. Cilia and flagella.
6.10. Celli motility.
6.11. The cell nucleus.
6.11.1. Characteristics of the cell nucleus.
6.11.2. The interphase nucleus.
6.11.3. The mitotic nucleus or nucleus in division.
6.12. Bibliography.

7. Metabolism.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... olism.html
7.1. Metabolism.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... olism.html
7.1.1. Energetic aspects of cellular chemical reactions.
7.2. Catabolism.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... olism.html
7.2.1. Catabolism and obtaining energy.
7.2.2. Carbohydrate catabolism.
7.2.2.1. Glycolysis.
7.2.2.2. Cellular respiration.
7.2.2.2.1. Oxidative decarboxylation.
7.2.2.2.2. Krebs cycle.
7.2.2.2.3. Electron transport chain.
7.2.2.2.4. Energy balance of cellular respiration.
7.2.2.3. Fermentations.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... tions.html
7.2.2.3.1. Alcoholic or ethyl fermentation.
7.2.2.3.2. Lactic fermentacion.
7.2.2.3.3. Other types of fermentations.
7.3. Anabolism.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... olism.html
7.3.1. Autotrophic anabolism.
7.3.2. Photosynthesis.
7.3.2.1. Photochemical or light phase.
7.3.2.1.1. Photosystems.
7.3.2.1.2. Photophosphorylation.
7.3.2.1.2.1. Acyclic photophosphorylation.
7.3.2.1.2.2. Cyclic photophosphorylation.
7.3.2.2. Biosynthetic or dark phase.
7.3.2.3. Factors influencing photosynthesis.
7.3.2.4. Products of photosynthesis.
7.3.3. Chemosynthesis.
7.4. Biblography.

8. Cell reproduction. 8.1. The cell cycle.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... cycle.html
8.1.1. Interphase.
8.1.2. Cellular division.
8.2. Cellular division.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... ision.html
8.2.1. Mitosis.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... tosis.html
8.2.1.1. Prophase.
8.2.1.2. Metaphase.
8.2.1.3. Anaphase.
8.2.1.4. Telophase.
8.2.1.5. Cytokinesis.
8.2.1.6. More on mitosis.
8.2.2. Meiosis.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... iosis.html
8.2.2.1. Meiosis I.
8.2.2.2. Meiosis II.
8.2.3. Meiosis and sexual reproduction.
8.2.4. Meiosis and life cycle.
8.2.5. Biological importance of meiosis.
8.3. Differences and similarities between mitosis and meiosis.
8.4. Bibliography.

9. Classical genetics.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... etics.html
9.1. Genetics basics.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... asics.html
9.2. Mendelian genetics.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... etics.html
9.2.1. The method.
9.2.2. Mendel´s Laws.
9.2.2.1. Mendel´s first law or principle of uniformity in the first generation.
9.2.2.2. Mendel´s second law or principle of segregation.
9.2.2.2.1. Backcross and test crossover.
9.2.2.3. Mendel´s third law or principle of independent combination.
9.3. Gene interaction.
9.3.1. Gene interaction between allelic genes.
9.3.2. Gene interaction between non-allelic genes that influence for the same trait.
9.4. Chromosomal thory of heredity.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... edity.html
9.5. Ligation and recombination.
9.6. Complex mendelism.
9.6.1. Multiple allelism.
9.6.1.1. Lethal genes.
9.6.2. Pleiotropy.
9.6.3. Expressiveness and genetic penetrance.
9.7. Sex-linked inheritance.https://english.biologia-geologia.com/b ... tance.html
9.7.1. Y-linked inheritance.
9.7.2. X-linked inheritance.
9.8. Heredity influenced by sex.
9.9. Bibliography.